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There is a very large literature by Skinner on what has bccome to be known as "inners"? Read the following Behavior and Mind: The Roots of Modern Psychology Psychological Record, The, Spring, 1995 by Dennis J. Delprato ?1 ?2 ?Next Rachlin bases his argument on Aristotle's distinction between efficient and final causes and the corollary that each class of cause explains different aspects of the dynamic behavior of natural things. In sharp contrast with the view of B. F. Skinner, the major contributor to behavior analysis, the author finds cognitive psychology acceptable when taken as the science of efficient causes. By this he means that cognitive and physiological psychology are addressing how organisms behave the way they do, feel the way they feel, think the way they think. Efficient causes of psychological events refer to causal connections among such underlying events as neural firings, internal reflexes, and mental representations. Rachlin's position seems to be that a science of final causes ["Why does this or that behavior, thought, or feeling come about?" (p. vii)] will always be needed because final causes address the ever-present purposiveness of events that cannot be discerned by efficient-cause analysis. As such, he differs from many earlier molar behaviorists who argued that an autonomous science of (overt) behavior-environment relationships is needed (as he does), but only until it is reduced to the more fundamental level of physiology. Related Results ?Home is for Caring, School is for Learning: Qualitative Data from Child... ?A battle of wills: Sovereignty: God, State, and Self ?Genetic Background Modifies Inner Ear and Eye Phenotypes of Jag1 Heterozygous... ?Handwriting & Drawings of Death Row Prisoners ?Analysis: In brief, then, behavior analysis as the science of mental life relates to its major apparent competitor (cognitive and physiological psychology) as Aristotle's final causes relate to his efficient causes. Both classes of cause are needed for satisfactory explanation, and behavior analysis is the science of purpose (final causes). Rachlin takes several routes to arrive at his goal of harmonious behavioral and cognitive-physiological psychologies. His view of mentality as nothing but abstractions derived from temporally extended public behavior-environment patterns, as opposed to covert inners known by way of amplification methodology, comes by way of thinking such as that of certain analytic behaviorists (e.g., Gilbert Ryle), the interbehavioral system of J. R. Kantor, and phenomenologists such as M. Merleau-Ponty (uncited). Along the way, he departs from dualistic psychologies as found in most cognitive theories, in cognitive-behavior therapy theories, and in Skinner's radical behaviorism with its distinction between public (overt) behavior and private (covert) behavior.