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What Les says is true.?I even wrote a paper which I gave at the Scoeity for REsearch on Adult Development.?It is attached and strongly supports the assertion by Les.?There are a few studies that compare various "stage" measures, both of the most common in the two Adult Development books, 1989, 1990 edit by me Commons, M. L., Sinnott, J. D., Richards, F. A., & Armon, C. (Eds.). (1989). Adult Development: Vol. 1, Comparisons and Applications of Adolescent and Adult Developmental Models. New York: Praeger. Commons, M. L., Armon, C., Kohlberg, L., Richards, F. A., Grotzer, T. A., & Sinnott, J. D. (Eds.). (1990). Adult Development: Vol. 2., models and methods in the study of adolescent and adult thought. New York: Praeger. The reasons why there is only about a .7 correlation between stage measures is discussed in the paper. When we construct sequences using over 30 different instruments, there is a much higher correlation.?We use a wider range of stages, a wider range of participants, and much more carefully constructed items. So far the only sequence that does not behave as we originally expected is the "Saying of Jesus"?He is without sin, caste the first stone.?James Day found that the reason was the religious conservative subscribed to lower stage items than religious liberals.?This finding is being published.?Lucas Common-Miller found a somewhat similar effect about beliefs about Santa Claus versus god.?Santa Claus believe was at a lower stage.