《从普遍进化到知识进化：关于进化认识论的研究》
(General Evolution and Evolutionary Knowledge：A Study of Evolutionary Epistemology)
上海教育出版社2002年版。
进化认识论是西方新兴的一个哲学派别。它产生之后，有的人赞成，有的人反对。但无论如何，它已经对西方的许多领域产生巨大的影响。于是，出现了将进化认识论运用于本学科的研究趋向，而且这些研究取得了可喜的成就。例如，进化心理学、进化伦理学、进化美学、进化教育学等等五花八门。
本书作者对进化认识论的接触始于1996年。后将它作为博士论文选题。本书就是以该博士论文为基础修改而成的。全书共分10章。共计22万字。该书已经获得上海市马克思主义学术著作出版资助基金资助，并由上海教育出版社2001年出版。
内容提要
本书的目的是要从马克思主义的基本观点出发对进化认识论这一新兴认识论派别的历史及其基本观点加以全面梳理和评析，以便为丰富和发展马克思主义认识论找到最新的借鉴和提供材料。
全书采用先总述后分述的方法首先总体地分析进化认识论的基本理论观点，使读者先对进化认识论有一个粗略的整体了解，然后再详细叙述它的各种观点。考虑到以前很少有人对进化认识论的历史作系统的研究和梳理，所以书中详细地介绍了进化认识论的产生及其历史发展。在书中作者花费一章的笔墨重点用马克思主义的唯物主义一元论观点分析和评述了进化认识论的本体论--假设实在论；将进化认识论关于认识能力的学说同哲学史的论述和马克思主义经典作家的观点相对比，进行全面、深入的剖析；分析了进化认识论关于客观知识及其进化的基本观点，并从马克思主义角度提出了知识进化的特点和规律；还对进化认识论的学科性质以及它所宣称的"反人类中心主义"和"哥白尼式革命"进行了辩正的评价，提出马克思主义认识论研究要认真对待这一新的认识论派别。
进化认识论首先用假设实在论（又称为科学实在论）的观点预设外部世界的存在，然后以宇宙普遍进化为切入口，研究认识能力的形成、个体认知能力的发展、知识的建构本质以及客观知识的进化等等。由于进化认识论要研究认识能力问题，所以要以生物进化的方法为基础，但它讨论的问题却是一个古老的哲学问题：人的主观认知结构为什么能够同外部世界的客观结构达到一致？在回答这一问题的时候，进化认识论采取了从宇宙进化入手去考察人类认识现象的研究视角。进化认识论认为，它的这一视角是反人类中心主义的，实现了"真正的哥白尼革命"。而且，进化认识论还进一步把进化论的观点延伸到客观知识世界，认为从宇宙普遍进化必然发展到客观知识世界。由于客观知识本身的进化又主要表现为科学理论的进化及其相互取代，所以对科学理论知识演化规律的高度关注是进化认识论的主要特点。由于在研究客观知识进化时，它主要以选择和试错为主线，因此有的人称它为"知识达尔文主义"。
本书特别强调，在马克思主义认识论中对客观知识本身的研究还很不够，应该坚持马克思主义的实践唯物主义观点去认真对待进化认识论所提出的问题，以便更好地坚持和发展马克思主义认识论。从进化认识论的思考视角中，必然会提出一个特别值得马克思主义认识论去研究的新课题：在知识经济时代，如何把人类知识放在宇宙大进化链条中予以考虑，从而克服人类中心主义的传统认识论视角的弊端？
ABSTRACT
The purpose of this dissertation is to give a wide-scoped introductionary analysis of the history of Evolutionary Epistemology (EE), a new philosophical school, and its major ideas suggested, relying upon the basic views of Marxist philosophy and having the intention to enrich and develop Marxist Epistemology with the ideas and material provided by EE.
First, there is an outline of the whole school of EE. Then the author gives a brief account of the origin and historical development of EE, yet which is hardly seen among EE documents. Much attention is paid also to the comparative study between hypothetical realism, the ontology of EE, and materialist monism, the ontology of Marxist epistemology. There are three chapters in the book to analyze human epistemic capacities from the different views of Evolutionary Epistemologists (Chapter 4), various philosophers in the history of Western philosophy (Chapter 5), and Marxists (Chapter 6). Next, some chapters are put into taking account of the evolutionary theory about the evolution of human knowledge, and suggest some characteristics of such an evolution. Lastly, the Conclusion gives some Marxist criticism on EE's major declarations, e.g., towards a 'new epistemology', towards a 'real Copernican Revolution', and so on.
EE makes a postulate of the existence of the outer world with the position of hypothetical realism (i.e. scientific realism). Then on the basis of general evolution of the cosmos, it emphasizes the evolution of human cognitive capacities, individual cognitive structures, the constructional nature of knowledge and the development of objective knowledge, etc. Because EE concentrates on cognitive capacities, it must rely on the methods of biological evolutionary theory. However, the question EE makes efforts to answer is why subjective structure of knowledge can fit the objective structure of the outer world. To give the right answer to this old philosophical question, EE considers human cognition as the result of the general evolution. EE claims that its point of view will take human being away from the center of the cosmos and therefore bring a Real Copernican Revolution to the philosophy field. At the same time, EE is trying to go towards the world of objective knowledge, which is the most important result from the general evolution. The most typical form of the evolution of knowledge is the changes of scientific theories. Thus, EE is characteristic of paying much attention to scientific theory changes. While expressing these ideas, EE mostly relies on Darwin's theory of selection and Popper's theory of trial and error. This is why EE has the name of Darwinism of Knowledge.
It is argued that the evolution of knowledge has been long ignored by Marxist Epistemology. This ignorance should not happen again if EE is taken seriously by Marxist practical materialism. Doing so is quite necessary for both standing on and developing Marxist Epistemology. If some ideas of EE are included into Marxist Epistemology, a new valuable thesis of study will come out in front of Marxist Epistemologists, i.e. according to Marxism, how to locate human knowledge in the chain of general evolution, and therefore how to avoid the mistakes of traditional epistemology that always put human being in the center of the cosmos? This is essential to survive in the times of knowledge and information.
目 录
第一章 导论：认识能力和客观知识的进化论解释
-- 进化认识论的基本思想总述
第二章 进化认识论的兴起与演化
1． 康德问题的提出
2． 生物进化认识论对康德问题的尝试性解答
3． 心理进化认识论对认知能力的发生学考察
4． 完型意义上的进化认识论的产生
5． 值得关注的认识论新派别
第三章 假设实在论与唯物主义一元论
1．知识的本质
A、 知识的含义
B、 三种知识
C、 主体对认识的影响
2．实在性预设是认识活动的主要预设之一
A、 关于客体的预设
B、 关于主体的预设
C、 关于知识本身的预设
D、 实在性预设是最根本性的预设
3． 假设实在论的根据
4． 从辩证唯物主义一元论看假设实在论
第四章 人类认识能力的自然进化和社会文化进化
之一：进化认识论关于认识能力的学说
1． 人类认识能力是宇宙普遍进化的产物
2． 人类认知结构是宇宙进化到今天为止最高级的层次
3． 人类认知结构与外部结构的一致性
4． 人的"类理性装置"与"天赋观念"
5． 人类认知能力的生物进化与社会文化进化的相互作用
6． 个体认识能力形成的进化论模式
第五章 人类认识能力的自然进化和社会文化进化
之二：哲学史关于认识能力的种种假定
1． 古希腊哲学家关于认识能力的假定
2． 近代经验论关于认识能力的假定
3． 近代唯理论关于认识能力的假定
4． 康德的先天形式说关于认识能力的假定
5． 黑格尔"精神胚胎学" 关于认识能力的假定
6． 现代西方哲学关于认识能力的假定
7． 进化认识论关于认识能力的学说同哲学史关于认识能力的假定之间的关系
第六章 人类认识能力的自然进化和社会文化进化
之三：马克思主义关于认识能力的学说
1． 人类认识能力是自然界长期发展的产物
2． 马克思主义认识论与进化认识论：两种不同的陈述方式
3． 社会实践（首先是劳动）是认识能力形成和发展的基础
4． 马克思主义认识论的"实践第一"原则与进化认识论的"中观宇宙"
第七章 从普遍进化到知识进化：知识进化的特征和规律
1． 客观知识世界在普遍进化链条上的位置
2． 客观知识自身的进化
3． 知识进化的三个基本要素
4． 知识进化的特点
第八章 科学选择与知识进化
1． 选择是知识进化的唯一机制
2． 科学知识的选择是必然的
3． 知识选择对知识自身进化的意义
4． 知识选择的第一性的标准和第二性的标准
A． 选择的第一性标准
B． 选择的第二性标准
C． 第一性的标准和第二性的标准相辅相成
5. 知识选择与认识选择性
第九章 知识进化与真理度的提高
1． 真理度是真理的量的规定性
2． 主题性命题的真理度
3． 支撑性命题的真理度
4． 真理与知识的关系
第十章 进化认识论实现了"真正的哥白尼革命"吗？（代结束语）
1． 哲学问题是否可以有科学解答
2． 进化认识论的跨学科性质
3． 人类中心主义与"真正的哥白尼革命"
4． 重视进化认识论，科学地坚持和发展马克思主义认识论
CONTENTS
Introductory Words Professor Jin Shunyao
Abstract (in Chinese)
Abstract (in English)
Chapter I Preface: Evolutionary Explanations of Epistemic Capacities and Objective Knowledge
--An Overview about the Main Viewpoints of EE
Chapter II The Origin and Development of Evolutionary Epistemology
1. Questions Raised by Kant
2. A Trial Answer to Kant's Question Provided by Biological Evolutionary Epistemology
3. Generative Explanation of Cognitive Capacities Provided by Psychological Evolutionary Epistemology
4. The Origin of Systematic Evolutionary Epistemology
5. Late Attention from Chinese Philosophers
Chapter III Hypothetical Realism and Materialist Monism
1. The Nature of Knowledge (Cognition)
A. What is Knowledge?
B. Three Types of Knowledge
C. The Influences of Subject on Knowledge
2. Hypothesis of Reality: One of the Most Important Postulates in Cognitive Processes
A. Postulates about Object
B. Postulates about Subject
C. Postulates about Knowledge
D. The Postulate of Reality Is Essential
3. Evidence for the Hypothesis of Reality
4. Hypothetical Realism in the Eye of Materialist Monism
Chapter IV The Natural and Social-Cultural Evolution of Human Cognitive Capacities (I)
--A New Theory Made by Evolutionary Epistemology
1. Human Cognitive Capacities: The Result of General Evolution
2. Human Cognitive Structure: The Newest Level of Evolution
3. The Fitness between Cognitive Structure and Objective Structure
4. Ratiomorphic Apparatus and 'Innate Ideas'
5. Interactions of Biological and Social-Cultural Evolutions of Human Cognitive Abilities
6. An Evolutionary Model of Individual Cognitive Structures
Chapter V The Natural and Social-Cultural Evolution of Human Cognitive Capacities (II)
--The Ideas Suggested by Philosophers in the Western History
1. The Ideas of Ancient Greek Philosophers
2. The Views of Empiricists
3. The View-points of Rationalists
4. Kant's Priori
5. Hegel's Embryology of Mind
6. Studies of Contemporary Philosophers
Chapter VI The Natural and Social-Cultural Evolution of Human Cognitive Capacities (III)
--The Theory of Marxist Epistemology
1. Human Cognitive Capacities: the Product of Nature
2. Marxist Epistemology and Evolutionary Epistemology: Different Styles of Statements
3. Social Practice: the Basis of the Evolution of Cognitive Capacities
4. The Concepts of Marxist 'Object' and Mesocosmos of Evolutionary Epistemology
Chapter VII From General Evolution to Evolutionary Knowledge
1. Objective Knowledge on the Chain of General Evolution
2. The Evolution of Objective Knowledge
3. Three Elements of Evolutionary Knowledge
4. The Law of Evolutionary Knowledge
Chapter VIII Scientific Selection and Evolutionary Knowledge
1. Selection: the Biggest Pressure on Evolutionary Knowledge
2. The Necessity of Scientific Selection
3. The Influence of Scientific Selection on Evolutionary Knowledge
4. The Primary and Secondary Standards of Selection
A. The Primary Standards
B. The Secondary Standards
C. The Interactions of Primary and Secondary Standards
5. Scientific Selection and Cognitive Selection
Chapter IX Knowledge Evolution and Development of the Degree of Truth
1. The degree of Truth Marks the Quantitative Characteristics of Truth
2. The degree of Truth in Main Propositions
3. The degree of Truth in Supporting Propositions
4. The Relationship between Truth and Knowledge
Chapter X Is EE a Real Copernican Revolution? (as Conclusions)
1. Does a Philosophical Question Have Scientific Answer?
2. The Interdisciplinary Foundation of Evolutionary Epistemology
3. Human Centralism and the Real Copernican Revolution
4. Taking Evolutionary Epistemology Seriously Is Essential to Stand on and Develop Marxist Epistemology
