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学术治理思维该换脑了
时间:2010/6/21 23:27:09,点击:0

如果哲学思维不发生变化,制度就难以根本转变,从而学术治理就难有成效

学术腐败深层原因:结果至上导致急功近利

人在设计治理制度的时候,是受其有关哲学即学术治理哲学所左右的。于是,关于学术腐败和学术失范的根本问题就演变成这样的疑惑:指导我们这个学术制度的是什么样的哲学思维呢?这个哲学思维究竟存在什么问题呢?通过这样的解读,我们自然就可以得出结论:如果哲学思维不发生变化,制度就难以根本转变,从而学术治理就难有成效。

只要考察一下当前的各种制度以及相应的学术腐败现象,我们可以发现这样一个基本事实:我们的学术治理完全是建立在“结果至上”的哲学思维基础之上的!结果至上的哲学思维特征是:只重结果不重过程;拿指挥棒的拥有充分资源。十分显然,这样的思维是战争思维中最常见的模式。在战争中,这种思维往往十分有效。“重奖之下必有勇夫”。但由此而带来的是,因为只重结果而不管过程,短视行为,急功近利行为,实用主义心态必然应运而生。

科学研究本来是重过程而非重结果,但现在全部被颠倒了。我们的所有体制和制度设计都奉行的是重结果忽视过程的哲学思维。我们搞了很多所谓“基地”、“研究院”之类的东西,我们的学术评价制度、职称评审制度、冲刺诺贝尔奖等等无一例外地都是按照结果至上的原则进行设计的。治理者对学人的平常关心和训练很少了:只看结果,训练和休养生息大多成了学人们自己的事情!

笔者以为,当前从学术治理部门到学者个人不少被这样的结果至上的哲学思维笼罩着,这是导致学术腐败和学术失范的最本质根源。这种思维方式不全面革除,学术腐败和学术失范的顽症恐难根治。

制度设计的哲学基础应该改变

那么,结果至上的哲学思维究竟是如何主导着我们的制度设计的呢?我们不妨以硕士点、博士点的申请制度为例来说明。这看上去是很公平的制度设计:要申报的都可以报材料,交专家匿名评审,然后由有关委员会讨论决策。然而在结果至上的思维主导下,各个学校不管有没有这个能力,都力求争取有“结果”,于是,拉关系的,说情的,贿赂评委的,校长怀揣重金带队到处跑的……什么样的腐败就都出现了。有些学校甚至可以通过赞助等方式一年之内在核心刊物甚至权威刊物上发表数十篇文章。整个学术都是围绕取得硕士点博士点(美名为学科发展)这些“结果”而进行的,个人的研究兴趣、研究积累全然没有了。

在学术领域,结果至上的哲学思维是非常有害的。在它控制之下所制定的学术治理制度往往会以“学科发展”、“倡导公平竞争”、“拉开收入差距”、“重点攻关”等为幌子而披上合法的外衣。学术腐败者也往往会从这些冠冕堂皇的理由中找到借口。

结果至上的哲学思维的根本错误在于它只看结果不看过程。这样的思维方式完全玷污了科学事业的本质。科学探索活动的风险在于:努力了不一定有结果。事实上,我国有许多学术大师并没有多少可炫耀的成果,按照数量来算,他们可能永远做不了大师。然而,这些大师们长期孜孜不倦地研究某个领域,他们被公认为大师的原因更多地是他们坚持科学探究的精神和过程。

因此,制度设计的哲学基础应该改变。无论科研项目管理还是学说评价机制都应该从过程和结果相结合的角度去考虑。至于如何改变这样的思维方式,可能需要学术治理者们认真思考。是不是可以建立科学研究低保制度?让学人即使不能获得科研项目照样可以参加国内国际学术会议。例如香港的大学就规定每个教师必须每年至少参加一次国际学术会议,所需费用由学校提供。还可以考虑大学教师每年有基本的科研费用,以保证他们没有科研基金资助也能从事一些科研活动。同时,是不是可以考虑带博士硕士没有职称限制?在西方,只要大学教师获得博士学位一定年份以后就可以带博士和硕士,而且一个专业点的导师人数并没有限制。这样,大学老师就用不着为抢占职称、争做导师等等这些山头而急功近利。

对大学生和研究生学习而言,学校管理部门和教师不应该简单地只重结果,布置一个一个的课题让他们去攻,而应该介入到他们的学习过程。尤其是研究生(包括硕士和博士)培养,不应该按照选几门课程、发表几篇文章和加写一篇毕业论文这么简单的结果至上的教育模式,而更应该主要注重让他们获得从事科学研究的基本方法和过程。

总之,制度设计的哲学思维模式不应该是结果至上的哲学思维——成者为王,败者为寇。当然,这不是说不提出任何要求和目标,而是说不能局限于“结果至上”,这更不应成为惟一的思维模式。

(《人民论坛》2006年21期)

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