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金天虹:浅谈公共关系学中的口才与演讲
时间:2010/1/13 20:37:26,点击:0

摘要:语言是人类特有的社会现象,是声音、文字和意义相符合的符号系统,是社会交际、表情达意的重要工具。在市场经济越加发展的今天,要想在公众关系以及职业岗位上取得满意的成绩,拥有一副好口才,谙习演讲的技巧是锦上添花的能力。本文尝试从公共关系的角度去剖析口才与演讲在人际交往及个人发展中的重要作用。

关键词:公共关系;演讲;口才;人际关系;社交

公共关系是一门综合应用型学科,是以传播学和管理学为主要依托的社会科学。公共关系学的性质决定了我们在学习这门学科的时候,不能拘束于理论知识,而应当充分开拓生活的深广领域,学以致用,提高自己的公共关系能力,创造良好的生活环境。
在此,我从口才与演讲在公共关系中充当的重要地位来谈谈公共关系的提升方式。

一、 公共关系与口才
口才就是具有明确的目的性、明显的综合性、独特的技巧性和突出的实践性的语言表达。据查,口才一词最早见诸《孔子家语》,在中国已有悠长的历史传承,是一种实用而高深的语言文化,了解历史的人都不难发现口才在历史发展的演进中影响之巨。
在进行公共关系沟通中,口才扮演不可替代的重要作用。公共关系口才是一种能够体现公关精神、遵循公关原则,以取得良好公关效果的口才表达能力。它能够帮助传达者畅通信息渠道,播撒人文关怀,维护自身形象,以促进各项工作顺利进行。
口才与公关口才之间具有个别与一般的关系,口才不能综括公共关系口才,而口才是公共关系口才的基础。区分口才不同层次的标准有:说得对;说得好;说得妙。那么,怎样的公共关系口才才是标准的呢?接下来谈谈公共关系口才的衡量标准:
(1)公共关系口才要遵循公共关系的基本原则;
(2)公共关系口才要体现公共关系的基本精神;
(3)公共关系口才要服务公共关系活动的既定目标。
同时,公共关系口才与环境具有十分密切的关系:即在公共关系中,人们的语言的使用与口才的发挥应当适应向应的环境情况。这样的环境包括社会环境、场合环境、关系环境、时间环境等等。
1、社会环境
社会环境是一个庞大的宏观背景,它包括勒时代、民族、社会、地区、文化等多重因素。
时代:公共关系口才的时代性在于人们所说的话都必然打上时代的烙印,即使讲的是古代的内容,也要熏染上古代的气息。这就是说,基于不同的时代,不同的政治、文化、经济环境,要说合时宜的话。比如,现今通用的是普通话,处处提倡,处处实用,而如若还有人张口闭口之乎者也,这恐怕就要称谓众人的笑柄了。又如,在当今社会下,人们的日常语言使用徽�“三大战略武器”——足见口才的社会地位已步入了惊人的程度。口才作为生活中不可或缺的交际活动,是人类从竞争走向合作,从陌生走向熟悉,从破碎走向和谐的手段。
在现代快节奏生活中,人们的交际范围随之扩张,人们交际圈的扩大带来了一个无法回避更不可忽视的问题:即怎样才能协调各方关系,减少工作之余额外的阻力,以创造和平相处的环境,取得更辉煌的事业,交往更多的诤友?而关注公共关系口才的一系列原则,对追求此等目标功不可没。

二、 公共关系演讲
演讲是口才的最高表现方式;演讲是公共关系活动中传播效果最为明显最为广泛的一种口语表达形式。好的演讲具有强烈劝服作用、能进行有效的信息交流、有强烈的表现力。好的演讲者往往能够收获高声望、好形象。
可见,演讲是一种高级的交际手段,是一种个人风采的展示,是一个人综合素质的反映。
下面举两个具体事例来说明演讲的价值:
一、周恩来总理的精彩演讲
  1945年,国共谈判期间,周恩情应重庆“西南实业协会”的邀请,出席了他们一次星期五聚餐会,并准备演讲《当前经济形势》。在此聚餐会之前,周恩来认真阅读了当时重庆的经济材料,并且叫经济学家许涤新同志前去汇报重庆资本家存在的问题和思想动态,汇报资本家对于国民党的经济政策和官僚资本的态度等等。
  在星期五聚餐会上,周恩来做了《当前经济形势》的演讲。听报告的人极其踊跃,不仅座无虚席,而且在讲堂的窗台和窗外都站满了人,但会场秩序很好,只有周恩来同声的气壮山河的宏亮声音在震荡着。
二、奥巴马总统的精彩演讲
美国总统在演说时,左前方和右前方各有一块玻璃板,那是读稿机的显示板,高度和麦克风差不多。总统演说时,目光从左扫到右,或从右扫到左,看起来是目光遍及全场,其实是在读字幕机。 
奥巴马在白宫旁的艾森豪威尔行政大楼对一些地方官员演说,谈经济振兴计划。刚讲了不到一分钟,突然一声巨响,原来奥巴马左前方的显示板垮了。奥巴马低头看了一眼,说了句“老天;各位,对不起”,然后继续演说,现场则是一阵笑声。
幸好,奥巴马还有书面讲稿,顺利讲完剩下的十一分钟。而这段只有几十秒画面的小插曲,不但成为成为热门花边新闻,也立即成为youtube的热门点选项目。 
  奥巴马去年竞选时,读稿机曾经断电,那段画面现在也在youtube上。不过,以口才著名的奥巴马没有读稿机,照样侃侃而谈。
此些案例很好的说明了公共关系实务中的演讲的重要作用。
案例中,周恩来就是充分运用了演讲这一公关手段,宣传了中国共产党的观点和思想。而奥巴马总统则是凭借一副好口才,赢得了美国人民以及不少国际友人的爱戴与拥护。
  领教了演讲的魅力,接下来,我们一同探讨演讲的技巧。
演讲虽是一种言语的表达,但是与平常的讲话不同,需要较充分的准备工作,包括了解听众、熟悉主题和内容,搜集素材和资料,准备演讲稿和作适当的演练等。成功的演讲是从准备开始的。
首先是要调查,根据调查的情况来确定演讲的主题和内容,搜集演讲的素材,选择合适的演讲方式。周恩来的这次演讲之所以能获得如此巨大的成功,是与他十分认真地对待演讲,做了大量的准备工作分不开的。他在演讲前下功夫去阅读当时重庆的经济资料,并且叫许涤新去汇报重庆资本家存在的问题和思想动态。这些准备工作为演讲的成功奠定了基础。
  其次,要作一次成功的演讲,必须要了解演讲的听众,对他们的社会背景、思想动态、意见态度及行为方式等做透彻的分析研究,并以此为根据来确定自己演讲的主题、内容以及合适的演讲方式。
演讲对于演讲者的口语表达的要求十分之高,在言语表达上,演讲者要有以下一点能力:
(1)清晰性、规范性。
这是口语表达的初级要求,也是最基本的要求。规范性要求一是合乎本民族的语言规范,二是合乎全人类共有的逻辑规范。
(2)流利性、自如性。
(3)丰富性、多彩性。
同时,演讲对演讲者的使用声音也做了相应的具体要求:
声音的高低大小应当做到恰当适度。演讲中的停顿应当以语法、逻辑、情感三个角度作为标准;使用轻重音时,应要权衡重调和感情;语调的使用应当以演讲者演讲时的思想感情为依据,也要注意体现演讲者自己的个性修养;应注意对节奏的准确处理。
另外,因为演讲在一定程度上具有即兴性、现场性,这要求演讲者能够很好的掌控现场的场面,演讲者要注意措辞情真意切,令人感奋;机敏幽默,使人愉悦;巧设悬念,催人思索;余音绕梁,耐人寻味。
 
三、 结语
大家在日常生活中由于职业以及其他的原因,可能不会涉及很多公共关系其他有关管理学、心理学的应用,但是,人际交往是每个人都必然要应对的,这是一种考验,更是一种锻炼与学习,在明晓了公共关系口才与演讲的相关注意事项之后,我们也当树立信心,积极把握生活中的机会锻炼自己的口语表达能力。在日常交往中,发挥出自身的交际智慧,营造一个和谐融洽的生活环境。

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