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童祎:饮料『双王』的战争
时间:2010/1/12 21:35:28,点击:0

 每天出门前我们都会照一下镜子,检查一下基本的仪容仪表,这其实往往就是我们个人公关的第一步,因为她能为我们塑造良好的个人形象,只要是社会的人,那么人与人之间的打交道就总是不可避免的,如何赢得良好的印象就显得十分重要,这对企业而言也是同样的道理。所以越来越多的企业知道要从企业形象入手,打响自己的品牌,才能赢得商机,国内的诸多企业在这一方面还只能算是刚刚起步,还有许多要学习,然而早在一百多年前就有两家公司已经开始为公关而战了。
  对于“民以食为天”的中国人而言,吃饭总是头等大事,农历新年即将到来,每家每户的除夕大餐是肯定必不可少的,然而哪怕是再传统的年夜饭,餐桌上似乎也总是少不了一些饮料的助兴,种类繁多,也许有人会说这酒是必不可少的东西,这点没错,但我想还有一种饮料应该会是很多家庭的首选,那就是可乐,而其中又享有很高知名度的就要数可口可乐和百事可乐这两家了。
  秝�则与之不分胜负。继而在1975年他们又不惜代价地在全国各地广设擂台,让顾客蒙住双眼免费品尝,比较可口可乐与百事可乐的优劣。结果是,多数参与品尝的顾客都倾向于百事可乐,对其称赞有嘉,这样一来各大超市和餐饮店都纷纷选择经营百事可乐饮料。之后他们趁热打铁又将这一方法推广到了国外,使百事可乐从此名声大振,销量和盈利直线上升。而可口可乐则变得十分被动与百事形成了鲜明的对比。
  为了扭转不利的局势,可口可乐的专家们精心策划反复研究,不久就推出一种名为“可口可乐1”的新饮料,改变了原来带有咖啡因药物成分的饮料,并提高了甜度。人饮后能进一步装身强体,延年益寿,颇受消费者的欢迎。③随后他们抓紧机会进行广泛宣传,再次巩固了自己的霸主地位。
  面对这样的一波新的反击,百事可乐的专家们也显得手足无措,但是冷静过后他们也就想出了对抗的方案,他们借机可口可乐改了自己已经使用了99年的配方,经过一番策划,在舆论媒体上大做文章,不惜利用起了当时现代化的六大广告媒介,煞有其事地够吹说:“可口可乐所以要急急忙忙采用新的配方,说明它已走投无路,不得人心,而我们百事可乐则不负众望,前程似锦。”并在报纸上等了一副醒目的通栏广告说:“大家知道,某些东西如果是好的,就用不着改变它,百事可乐的成就在于迫使对方出此下策!”④而此举百事更是耗资二百五十万美元的巨额广告费,令人乍舌。这一下子就让可口可乐公司慌了手脚,内外焦头烂额,从1986年4月采用新配方后,美国各地不断有人向公司投去反对信和打投诉电话,最后可口可乐不得不于1986年 7月恢复了原来的配方。
  几轮的对决下来孰优孰劣,我们也都看了出来,但我们也应知道在可口可乐和百事可乐斗争的一百多年中,前70多年百事可是被可口可乐压得上门求收购都遭拒绝的,当然到了今天我们很难说可口可乐和百事可乐哪个更占上风,甚至像我这种尝不出区别的,可能也就有什么买什么了。在这场饮料“双王”的百年斗争中,双方都运用了许多公关手法,简单归类主要有三大块内容:一是树立企业形象,二是进行技术革新,三是危机处理。
  可口可乐公司的成功和他早期打下的良好企业形象有关,可以说在百事可乐还没有诞生之前他的一切经营都是很成功,吸引很大一部分的老顾客忠诚地光顾。而企业形象的树立也是当代公关的一个核心的内容,除非是垄断行业,否则任何产品都存在着竞争的问题,而良好的企业形象就会为产品的脱颖而出提供坚实的后盾,只有让顾客对品牌产生信任感才能起到一种良性循环,惠及同一品牌的其他产品。
  而百事可乐在这方面也是做得相当不错,他在宣传前期也做了大量的调查研究,充分了解顾客的需求,更加值得一提的是百事的决胜一战就是分析出了可口可乐公司的营销漏洞,大打“新一代”的概念,所以在我们的概念里面百事可乐的整体形象要比可口可乐更加时尚充满活力。这也就是应验了中国古代的一句老话,知己知彼百战不殆,对对手和顾客都要了解,这就是需要对现状进行仔细的调查,只有做过认真的分析,才能找到竞争的突破口让自己的形象脱颖而出。
  百事可乐别出心裁但也是大胆为之的摆擂台之举,结果会怎么样谁都很难说,而且如果是事与愿违的话那不是给对手做了免费广告了吗?这可以说正是体现了百事极大的自信心,如果一旦成功了这广告效应也是可想而知的。我们当然不用像百事的专家们那样在会议室里焦急地等待结果,今天的我们已然知道百事大获全胜。当然我们也相信这样的擂台方案也是经过专家们的细心研究和设计,这其中就包含媒体宣传攻略,结果出来后马上在媒体上造成舆论优势,让对手招架不住。
  而可口可乐的招架之术也可圈可点,他们采取了改变配方的方式,唤起已经感到厌倦的顾客群新的感受刺激,以及利用饮料的功效吸引新的消费群,但是这样的做法引起了老顾客的不满,而百事公司也抓住这个机会利用媒体进行反面宣传。其实原本的技术革新是值得提倡的,但是可口可乐在这点上并没有做到位,或者说只做了改变技术这一半的工作,而之后的宣传营销工作并没有做好,他们原本可以利用这个机会重新改变自己的形象,没有顾虑到老顾客的口味反而弄得左右兼顾不得。另外面对百事的负面舆论影响,可口可乐公司的危机处理工作也没有做好,面对不利的舆论最糟糕的情况就是被牵着鼻子走,这个时候只有化被动为主动,突出自己产品的优势,并且保证一定量的原口味产品的生产,双管齐下才能够化解危机,其核心的理念就是面对危机要有及时且积极的应对。
  国内公关才刚刚起步几十年而已,而每一家成功的企业都是一部好书,所以我们能够从这些前辈那儿学习的东西还很多。当然除了学习还要有自身进一步的发展,当代公关已经开始利用网络等多媒体宣传手段,不再是原先的仅仅凭借电视报纸杂志的广告,竞争也不是一对一的PK,铺天盖地地信息流量,白热化的竞争局面让很多宣传变得既便利但也效果不显著了,如何能够很好地结合好网络这一宣传媒介已经成为了当代企业公关的新挑战。 
  
参考书目
1. 吕钦文 主编,《公共关系纵横》,东北师范大学出版社,1993年12月
2. 居延安 主著,《公共关系学》第四版,复旦大学出版社,2008年6月
3. 刘君强编著,《早就伟大公司——如何制定成功的公司战略》,中国商业出版社,2004年

① 吕钦文 主编,《公共关系纵横》,东北师范大学出版社,1993年12月,P246
② 吕钦文 主编,《公共关系纵横》,东北师范大学出版社,1993年12月,P246
③吕钦文 主编,《公共关系纵横》,东北师范大学出版社,1993年12月,P247
④吕钦文 主编,《公共关系纵横》,东北师范大学出版社,1993年12月,P247

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